Sensors
Sensors by nature allows a coder to set up a component that sensors certain waves or functions. There are lots of different types of sensors the most popular ones are light sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensor, proximity sensors and accelerometers.
In my tinker cad I have used a motion sensor so that when an object or thing is in the proximities of the sensor a light will turn on. The real-world application of this would be a light sensor around someone’s house in case intruders were on your property. Motion sensors, contrary to the name, work from detecting changes in ambient infrared radiation level. Infrared radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The radiation infrared gives off is invisible to the human eyes but we can be able to feel as heat. Humans give off lots of infrared heat and when a human comes in the proximities of the motion sensor, the motions sensor then pick up on the infrared detection and is triggered.
https://www.makeuseof.com/how-do-various-arduino-sensors-work/
Physical Computing 
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